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Vickers E.S.1
The Vickers E.S.1 was an early British Fighter aircraft of the First World War. A single-engined biplane, only three E.S.1s were built, although at least one was used by a home defence squadron of the Royal Flying Corps.
==Development and design==
In late 1914, Harold Barnwell, chief test pilot with Vickers Limited, designed a single-seat "scout" or fast reconnaissance aircraft, and had it built without the knowledge or approval of his employers, "borrowing" a Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine from Vickers' stores to power the aircraft. Barnwell attempted a first flight of his design, named the "Barnwell Bullet" in early 1915, but the aircraft crashed and was wrecked, possibly due to a miscalculated Center of gravity.〔Andrews and Morgan 1988, p.60.〕〔Bruce 1969, p.86.〕 Now aware of Barnwell's design, Vickers instructed their junior designer Rex Pierson to redesign the Bullet.〔〔
The redesigned aircraft, the Vickers E.S.1 (Experimental Scout), was a single-engined tractor biplane of fabric covered wooden construction. It had single-bay unstaggered wings with ailerons on both the upper and lower wings. Like the Barnwell Bullet, the E.S.1 was powered by a Monosoupape engine, closely cowled into a circular section fuselage. The pilot's cockpit was situated under the trailing edge of the upper wing, from which the view both downwards and upwards was poor.〔Bruce 1969, pp. 86—87.〕〔Mason 1992, pp. 43—44.〕
The E.S.1 first flew in August 1915,〔 and was found to be extremely fast (a speed of 118 mph (190 km/h) was claimed by Vickers), and being capable of gaining height while looping.〔Bruce 1969, p.87.〕 Following operational trials in France, it was fitted with a modified cowling to allow fuel to drain away from the engine, and was fitted with a forward firing Vickers machine gun with the Vickers-Challenger gun synchroniser allowing the gun to fire through the propeller disc. A further two aircraft were built with a modified fuselage and a large cut-out in the upper wing to improve the view for the pilot, and powered by a Clerget or Le Rhône engine.〔Bruce 1969, pp. 88—89.〕 These were designated Vickers E.S.1 Mark II. No further production followed, with the aircraft being noted as being tiring to fly and difficult to land, although it did form the basis for the Vickers F.B.19.〔Bruce 1969, p.91.〕〔Mason 1992, p.44.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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